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Medical & Surgical Nursing: Respiratory System Works

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Medical and Surgical Nursing. How the Respiratory System Works. The respiratory system has the following basic functions:. 8226; Movement of air in and out of the lungs. 8226; Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. 8226; Helping maintain acid-base balance. Ventilation moves air in (inspiration) and out (expiration) of the lungs. Dur-. Ing inspiration, air flows in through the nose and passes into the nasopharynx. Air is then drawn through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. The bronchi. Latory sys...

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Medical & Surgical Nursing: Hemophilia

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Medical and Surgical Nursing. The patient is missing a coagulation factor that is essential for normal blood. Clotting and as a result the blood does not clot when the patient bleeds. It is an. X-linked recessive inherited disorder, passed on so that it presents symptoms in. Males, and rarely in females. Hemophilia A is the result of missing clotting factor. VIII Hemophilia B is the result of missing clotting factor IX and is also known as. 8226; Tender joints due to bleeding. 8226; Avoid aspirin.

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Medical & Surgical Nursing: Infection

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Medical and Surgical Nursing. The skin is the body’s first line of defense against infection. During surgery this. Line of defense is penetrated. Even though the surgical procedure is performed in. As aseptic an environment as possible, the possibility of infection still exists. Wound infections can develop in the postoperative period. The wound may be. Contaminated before surgery, such as with penetrating trauma, or may become. Slow approximation of the wound edges, delaying wound healing. 8226; Adminis...

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Medical & Surgical Nursing: Lung Cancer

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Medical and Surgical Nursing. Lung cancer is the abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth in lung tissues, resulting in. A tumor. A tumor in the lung may be primary when it develops in lung tissue. It. May be secondary when it spreads (metastasizes) from cancer in other areas of the. Body, such as the liver, brain, or kidneys. There are two major categories of lung. Cancer—small cell and non-small cell. Repetitive exposure to inhaled irritants. 8226; Small cell:. 8226; Non-small cell:. Sis to other areas.

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Medical & Surgical Nursing: Aplastic Anemia

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Medical and Surgical Nursing. The bone marrow stops producing a sufficient amount of RBC, WBC, and platelets,. Thereby increasing the risk of infection and hemorrhage. The red cells remaining in. Circulation are normal in size and color. This may be due to chemical exposure, high-. Dose radiation exposure, or exposure to toxins. Cancer treatments such as radiation. Therapy and chemotherapeutic agents may suppress bone marrow function, which. Low WBC). The cause may also be unknown or idiopathic. 8226; Ad...

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Medical & Surgical Nursing: Bronchitis

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Medical and Surgical Nursing. Increased mucus production, caused by infection and airborne irritants that block. Airways in the lungs, results in the decreased ability to exchange gases. There are. Two forms of bronchitis: acute bronchitis, where blockage of the airways is re-. Versible, and chronic bronchitis, where blockage is not reversible. Patients with. Acute bronchitis are symptomatic typically for 7 to 10 days often due to viral (but. Increased incidence of respiratory infection. 8226; Fever in a...

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Medical & Surgical Nursing: Anemia

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Medical and Surgical Nursing. A low hemoglobin or red blood cell (RBC) count results in decreased oxygen-. Carrying capability of the blood. This may be due to blood loss, damage to the red. Blood cells due to altered hemoglobin or destruction (hemolysis), nutritional defi-. Ciency (iron, vitamin B12, folic acid), lack of RBC production, or bone marrow. Failure. Some patients have a family history of anemia due to genetic transmission,. Such as thalassemia or sickle cell. 8226; Weakness due to hypoxia.

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Medical & Surgical Nursing: Asbestosis

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Medical and Surgical Nursing. Asbestos fibers enter the lungs, causing inflammation in the bronchioles and in the. Walls of the alveoli. After inhalation, the fibers settle into the lung tissue. Fibrosis. Develops and ultimately pleural plaques form. The changes within the lung result. In a restrictive lung disease. The damage to the lung causes impairment in breath-. Ing and air exchange. It may take a decade or longer from the time of exposure before symptoms begin. Ular opacities. Opacities are in...

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Medical & Surgical Nursing: Emphysema

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Medical and Surgical Nursing. Chronic inflammation reduces the flexibility of the walls of alveoli, resulting in. Over-distention of the alveolar walls. This causes air to be trapped in the lungs,. Impeding gas exchange. Smoking is often linked to development of emphysema. A less frequent cause is an inherited alpha1-antitrypsan deficiency. Symptoms often begin insidiously and are progressive. Shortness of breath is ini-. Ceptible to lung infections. Supplemental oxygen becomes necessary at first for.

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Medical & Surgical Nursing: Bronchiectasis

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Medical and Surgical Nursing. Bronchi and bronchioles become abnormally and permanently dilated, caused by. Infection and inflammation. This results in excessive production of mucous that. Obstructs the bronchi. There is some obstruction of the airways and a chronic. Infection. The changes within the lung can be localized or generalized. The lung. May develop areas of atelectasis where thick mucous obstructs the smaller air-. Ways, making the mucous difficult to expel. This results in inflammation and.